Reformation Essay - 968 Words

Reformation In the first half of the sixteenth century Western Europe experienced a wide range of social, artistic, political changes as the result of a conflict within the Catholic church. This conflict is called the Protestant Reformation, and the Catholic response to it is called the Counter-Reformation. The Reformation began when Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five theses against the indulgences of the Church. These indulgences included if you did a good dead, this reduced the amount of punishment which you deserved for your bad deeds, and which God would make you suffer after your death before letting you into Heaven. Giving money to the Church was considered a good dead. If you wanted to you could pay for the indulgences†¦show more content†¦On his way home he disappeared. What had started as a furious attempt to reform the church overnight turned into a project of building a new church independent of the Catholic Church. While Germany struggled under the political and religious consequences of Luthers reform movement, the movement itself quickly spilled out of the German borders into neighboring Switzerland. At the time, Switzerland was not a single country but a confederacy of thirteen city-states called cantons. When Luthers ideas began to pour over the border, several of the cantons broke from the Catholic church and became Protestant while other cantons remained firmly Catholic. Of the cantons that adopted Luthers new movement, the most important and powerful was the city-state of Zurich under the leadership of Ulrich Zwingli. He was popular in Zurich for his opposition to Swiss mercenary service in foreign wars and his attacks on indulgences; he was, as significant a player in the critique of indulgences as Luther himself. Zwingli rose through the ranks of the Catholic Church until he was appointed Peoples Priest in 1519, the most powerful ecclesiastical position in the city. In 1523, the city officially adopted Zwinglis central ecclesiastical reforms and became the first Protestant state outside of Germany. From there the Protestant revolution would sweep across the map of Switzerland. Zwinglis theology and morality were based on a single principle thatShow MoreRelatedThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesThe Protestant Reformation Why the Protestant Reformation is considered a significant development in the Christian Church. The Protestant Reformation was an event which occurred within the Catholic Church during the 16th century. This Reformation was prompted by Martin Luther’s ‘95 theses’ which were a list of 95 criticisms towards the church. The Reformation formed another branch of Christianity called Protestantism which is comprised of many different Christian denominations including AnglicanRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation916 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation took place in the 16th century and was a major European movement whose goal was to reform the beliefs and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. This movement led to people worshipping God as they wanted and no longer relying on the Catholic Church for guidance with religious matters. Even though people were doing what they believed, the Protestant Reformation brought many conflicts. Religious disagreements caused bloody conflicts all over Europe. The principal figureRead MoreThe Renaiss ance And Reformation And The Reformation1507 Words   |  7 PagesThe Renaissance and Reformation – two of Europe’s largest movements – grappled many of the same issues. Both these movements addressed the question of human fate and tried to make changes to entities and institutions in society. These broad similarities allow some to believe that the Renaissance and Reformation had a relationship in which the former caused the latter. However, while both the Renaissance and Reformation deal with questions of human fate and are movements of change, the answers theyRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Protestant Reformation was a pivotal time of European history that occurred during the 16th century. The Protestant Reformation was comprised of people called â€Å"reformers† that challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church’s ability to define Christian practice (â€Å"The Reformationâ⠂¬ ). The Protestant Reformation was revolutionary due to the fact that the reformers preached against everything the Catholic Church had been teaching. Some famous reformers are John Calvin and Martin LutherRead MoreThe Reformation Of The Protestant Reformation798 Words   |  4 Pagesway to heaven sounds nice does it not? During the time period of the Protestant Reformation you were able to do just that. When most people think of the Protestant Reformation it is often associated with a time of crisis for the Catholic Church. This specific time period challenges and characterizes the new direction that would be taken in Western Europe. A specific moment in the beginning of the Protestant Reformation would soon lead to the development of early modern Europe, that moment was theRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation971 Words   |  4 PagesCatholic Church: the English Reformation. The English Reformation wasn’t the only movement that led to the separation from the Catholic Church, though. The Protestant Reformation, starting only ten years before the English Reformation did, first recognized the corruption of the Catholic Church. The English Reformation noticed the corruptions of the Catholic Church, but was more focused on creating new political and religious authority. Both of these reformations relate to one another greatlyRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation1619 Words   |  7 Pagesbetter when multiple wars are started because of a disagreement in how to worship. The Protestant Reformation was a widespread epidemic that started with Martin Luther noticing severe problems in the way the Roman Catholic Church was running, and that there were simple and more holy methods and worshipping God, leading to the creation of Lutheranism. There was an uproar in Germany over this new reformation, and it caught the attention of John Calvin who then strove to create Calvinism with the idea thatRead MoreThe Reformation A nd The Protestant Reformation876 Words   |  4 Pages The 16th century reformation is also known as the Protestant reformation. There are a various number of causes for the Protestant reformation. The causes of the reformation will be analyzed from two different perspectives: Germany s causes and Europe s causes. The results of reformation will be examined. Major contributors such as Martin Luther and John Calvin s perspectives and contributions will also be analyzed and the impact they had during their time period.  People in Europe during theRead MoreProtestant Reformation And The Reformation1727 Words   |  7 PagesHI 101 Essay 3 Zhenli Xu Protestant Reformation Protestant Reformation is admittedly one of the most important schisms in the history of Christianity. It started with Martin Luther nailing the Ninety-Five Theses on the door of the Catholic Church in Germany in 1517, and ended with the Peace of Westphalia in 1648. The Reformation was a religious movement triggered by the rise of humanism during the Renaissance and the general corruption of the Roman Catholic Church that eventually led to theRead MoreThe Protestant Reformation And The Reformation Essay1978 Words   |  8 Pagestime Christianity began to the time of the Protestant Reformation, for about a millennium and a half, there was only one sect of Christianity: Catholicism. After the Protestant Reformation, however, different Christian denominations sprang up in many parts of Europe. The Protestant Reformation’s beginning is most commonly associated with Martin Luther’s beliefs and his protest of the wrongdoings of the Catholic Church. Before the Reformation, t he Catholic Church was more interested in raising funds

Gender Appropriateness Of Women s Rights - 857 Words

Third, parties employee the notion of â€Å"gender appropriateness† both in vertical and horizontal distribution of political responsibilities. Both direction of the power distribution are dominated by men. When women exclusively focus on women issues within the parties they do not receive much recognition and feel powerless as opposed to men whose scope of dealing with issues seem diverse. This same practice is pervasive in parliamentary settings too. The authors identify five informal practices that sustain women’s subordination â€Å"men’s power over women, and avert women’s agency. First, gendered rituals (excessive participation in party meetings without substantive points, signifying men’s contribution while downplaying women’s, and thus pushing women to perform subordinate roles like taking minutes). Second, super-surveillance (women carry the burden of doubt since women’s capacity is downplayed after implementation of quotas, their critical thinking and assertiveness is discouraged). Third, gendered informal sanctions are used against women who demonstrate assertiveness and ambition, which is perceived as a threat. Unconventional means such as rumors of sexual favors are used to discourage ambitious women. Fourth, informal networking (women’s agency is weakened by their lack of expansive informal networking that take place, sometimes, in bars and restaurants – somethi ng quotas cannot ensure). Fifth, the use of time (women cannot dedicate much time to evening politicalShow MoreRelatedAfrican Americans During The Civil War1499 Words   |  6 Pagespersonal attire stripped African Americans from their identity. African Americans went through horrific period of time, forcing them to live inhumanely and poorly. ` Slavery, a corrupt period of time for African Americans continues to haunt our nation s history till this day. Slavery initially started in 1691, when African Americans were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia. The main motive behind the forced migration of African Americans was for them to forcefully aid in theRead MoreCultural Differences And Gender Appropriateness867 Words   |  4 Pagesform of sexuality that is often shunned in American culture. Transgender individuals are those who transgress the gender norms of the dominant culture or the culture to which they belong. Transgender oppression occurs when people whose gender expression does not qualify as â€Å"normal† within their society. Throughout life, society teaches â€Å"cultural differences and gender appropriateness† (437) in which is set as the norm in the American culture. It is important that we must â€Å"move away from the culturallyRead MoreAdvertising Advertisements And Bod y Image1645 Words   |  7 Pagesindustry and SROs in ensuring that women and men continue to be portrayed positively and responsibly in advertising. History - WOMEN IN ADVERTISEMENTS AND BODY IMAGE Authors have also attempted to correlate various demographic variables such as age and education, as well as geographic variables with preferences for role portrayals in advertising. Through the ages men have been considered to be financial providers, career-focused, assertive and independent, whereas women have been shown as low-positionRead MoreDress Codes And Sexual Violence1109 Words   |  5 Pagescan be found in a majority of schools approving of sexual violence through dress. Dress codes also prioritize a boy’s education, and show a lack of gender equality. School administrators believe they have the right to dictate what students can wear. Students should not be forced to follow dress codes at schools; therefore, schools do not have the right to mandate what students can wear. By having a female student be spoken to for wearing â€Å"inappropriate clothing†, but turning a blind eye to maleRead MoreA Historical Perspective: The Wage Gap1586 Words   |  7 Pagesseveral decades, most American women occupied a supportive, home oriented role within society, outside of the workplace. However, as the mid-twentieth century approached a gender role paradigm occurred. The sequence of the departure of men for war, the need to fill employment for a growing economy, a handful of critical legal cases, the Black Civil Rights movement seen and heard around the nation, all greatly influenced and demanded social change for human and women’s rights. This momentous period beganRead MoreGender Roles in Society1047 Words   |  4 PagesBroadly conceptualized, gender roles are what our society expects and values in their community. They shape our behavior and values, thoughts and feelings, even going so far as to denote a person’s worth. Gender roles are present in everyday situations. In the past they strictly dictated the behavior of people in the community (the right to vote, occupations women were allowed to work in), though in the recent past have become more subtle and more successfully challenged. In some instances they areRead MoreBias Within The Medical Field1263 Words   |  6 Pageseveryone is supposed to be treated equal that is not always the case and hasn t always been the case. As far back as the early 1900’s people weren’t treated equally on all terms. Although yes, segregation was one of the main reasons many people of color were not treated it gives no excuse as to why they never received the same level of health care. In the early 1900’s living conditions were poor and people of color lacked the availability to medical care. More black patients would die because of diseaseRead MoreThe Freedom Restoration Act Should Not Be Treated Like People, Let Alone Granted1499 Words   |  6 Pagessmall , corporations should not be treated like people, let alone granted religious freedom. The Supreme Court continued the horrible trend of pro-corporation rights. Whether one stands with Hobby Lobby, Inc. and considers this case a success of religious freedom or an intrusion, I see it as the court favored corporation’s rights over personal rights. Female workers should be given the availability to use contraceptives. In 2012, the Supreme Court ruled on the case of Burwell v. Hobby. The case dealt withRead MoreBrides of Quran and Forced Marriage Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pagessometimes this is not the case. Sometimes, the issue of consent is questionable because consent can be provided as a result of manipulation and coercion; thus, individuals can get married forcefully. Women are usually the victims of forced marriage, but not all marriage are forced and both men and women have equal potential to be victims of forced marriages. Forced marriage is defined as â€Å"a marriage that takes place without the free or valid consent of one or both of the partners and involves eitherRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory and discuss an article that uses Kohlberg’s theory to foster moral courage for nurses. I-Kohlberg s definition of moral development and moral maturity According to Kohlberg, moral development is a consecutive and invariant evolution of the moral reasoning of human beings from the childhood to adulthood. Thus, Kohlberg defined three levels (pre-conventional

Discussion Topic †Egocentric Thinking Free Essays

How does conducting research move you away from the problem of egocentric thinking that was discussed on page 21 in the Paul and Elder critical thinking booklet? As humans we are sometimes stuck in our own beliefs. We believe what we are told and what we’ve always known. â€Å"We do not naturally appreciate the point of view of others nor the limitations in our own point of view† (Simmons, 2011). We will write a custom essay sample on Discussion Topic – Egocentric Thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now By conducting research, we are able to encounter other views that are more factual with actual research behind it. We only have so much to offer based on our experiences. If we research other’s work from around the world, we are now open to so many more possibilities. A critical thinker is one that would research often to find multiple perspectives and then take that Information to form an educated response. A non- critical thinker would be the one to stick to their own beliefs based on what they know from personal experience. * How might conducting your inquiry research project contribute to your professional knowledge base, rather than relying on your intuitive knowledge base to make decisions? By conducting my own Inquiry research project, I will be able to see many perspectives and ideas related to my topic by professionals from all over. Because I am a new teacher, I really rely on other’s work because they’ve had so much more experience than me. They’ve put in the time for all that research that I would have never known otherwise. We all live in different areas so my research results may only work for the student’s In my area. It’s important to get a variety of research so that you can compile them to get a more well-rounded result. How does the skill of making decisions based on critically reviewing and conducting research differentiate you as a professional educator? By making decisions based on reviewing and research, differentiates me because I am not Just taking what I know from my own classroom and sticking with what I know. I am able to research professional articles to open my mind and allow new ideas in. A teacher that researches often and tries new ideas in their classroom, will have more of an Impact and become a better-rounded professional with much more to add to this profession. How to cite Discussion Topic – Egocentric Thinking, Papers

Business Law Intention and Capacity of the Parties

Question: Discuss about the Business Lawfor Intention and Capacity of the Parties. Answer: Issue The two major issues that are raised in the given situations are: To analyze the validity of contract entered amid Bill, Jill and Dodgy Pty. Ltd? Can the contract be terminated by Bill and Jill as the same is based upon misrepresentation? Whether the restrain clause made part of the contract is valid? Law Every valid contract requires presence of contract essentials, that is, offer, acceptance, consideration, intention and capacity of the parties. If any of the elements is not present then such contract is not valid in law. (The Law handbook, 2016) Further, the parties must be capable to make a valid contract. The capacity of the parties requires that they must be major and mentally capable (Nash v Inman (1908). But, a minor can make a valid contract if the same is for the necessity, employment or benefit of minor. (J Clark, 2013) But, every valid contract can be cancelled if the same is based on misrepresentation. When one party makes a statement of factual nature which are not true, with a hope that the other party will rely on such untrue statement and will make a contract with him and the relying party actually makes a contract, then, there is presence of misrepresentation and the aggrieved party then has right to terminate the contract and claim damages (Smith v Land HouseProperty Corp. (1884) Lambert v Co-OperativeInsuranceSociety [1975]. (The law Teacher, 2016) Also, when a restrain clause is made part of the contract wherein one party is prohibited to carry on the similar business or a certain time period the clauses are valid when they protect the legitimate interest, goodwill and confidentiality of the party who is relying on the clause. But, if the clause is against public policy or for long duration then the same is invalid. In AGA Assistance Australia Pty Ltd v Tokody(2012) duration up to two years is considered to be valid and any restrain beyond that is invalid unless legitimate interest is proved. (Hopgoodganim, 2016) Application The law is now applied to the facts. It is submitted that Jill is 22 years old and is thus major. But, Bill is 15 years old and is a minor. Thus, a contract amid Dodgy Pty. Ltd and Bill can be held valid when the contract is for necessity, employment or benefit of Bill. It is assumed that the contract is for necessity/employment/benefit of Bill and thus the contract with Dodgy Pty. Ltd is valid in nature. But, Dodgy Pty. Ltd while selling his caf to Bill and Jill has made factual statements that the weekly taking of the caf is $10,000 (since last five years) and the cost is $3000 per week. But, the statements are false as the weekly taking was on an average $2000. Thus, false factual statements are made to persuade Bill and Jill to make a contract and the contract was actually made by them. Thus, Bill and Jill can terminate the contract based on misrepresentation and claim damages from Dodgy Pty. Ltd. Further, the restrain on Dodgy Pty. Ltd is for five years which is very lengthy and can be considered as valid only when Bill and Jill can prove that the clause is required for the protection of their legitimate interest, goodwill and confidentiality of the business. Conclusion Thus, Bill and Jill can rescind the contract based on misrepresentation and the restrain clause is valid only when the same protects the legitimate interest of Bill and Jill. Issue The major issues that are raised in the given situation are: Can Hugh and Theo be held liable for the injuries that are caused to the customers after consuming the stale and out of date ingredients? What legal remedies can be provided by the court to the aggrieved parties? Law The law of negligence is a very important piece of legislation. The law of negligence emphasis that every person must indulge in such actions or omission because of which no injury is caused to any other person. This duty of avoidance of harm is captured under the law of negligence. In Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] the concept and the elements of the law of negligence were established. The same are: (P Latimer, 2012) Duty of care Every defendant is imposed with a legal duty of protection. The law of negligence establishes that whenever any defendant is pursuing any act or omission then he must make sure that no harm is caused to any person because off his actions or inactions. But, this duty of care can only be imposed upon the defendant when the plaintiff is closely connected to him, that is, the effect and impact of the defendants acts/omission will fall upon the plaintiff directly. There must be proximity between the two and the plaintiff is considered to be the neighbor of the defendant (Grant vAustralianKnitting Mills (1936). Also, the duty is also imposed only then the harm which may be caused to the plaintiff because of defendants actions or inaction are reasonably foreseeable by the defendant and thus he is under duty to avoid such harm by not availing the actions or inactions he is indulged in (Chapman v Hearse(1961). In Donohue case, this duty of care is imposed upon the manufactures so that no manufacturer should produce any product which may cause harm to the consumer berceuse consumers are his ultimate customers are in proximate relationship with him. Violation of duty of care - when the defendant is imposed with the duty of care then it is his duty to cater such duty with all adequate means. But, when the defendant is not able to provide the level of care that is needed in a particular situation, then, the duty is considered to be breached. The level of care increases with the increase of risk and vice versa (Blake v Galloway (2004) Injuries because of such breach of duty of care it is necessary that when the defendant is not able to cater with his duty of care then there must be some kind of injuries that are sustained by the plaintiffs. Any breach without any injury is not a negligent act in the law of negligence (Carroll vFearon(1999) Once a defendant is held out to be negligent, then, the plaintiff has every right to sue such defendant under the law of negligence and claim damages in the form of money. If the damage is extreme then penal actions can also be undertaken. Further, The law of partnership is also applicable. A partnership is said to exist when two or more than two persons intent to carry out a business of a continuous nature with the main motive of earning profits, once a partnership is established, then, the act of one partner will make the other partner liable under the law of agency (Smith v Anderson (1880). (Sydney, 2016) Thus, the applicable law is now applied. Application In the given situation, High runs a pizza service and later appoints his son Theo to use his car for deliveries. The service of Hugh was not registered but they have advertised it in the name of UberPizzaDelivery. In ...................it was held that a manufacturer is under a duty of care towards his consumers as they are their ultimate neighbors. However, both Theo and Hugh are making pizza for the ultimate consumption of the customers. Thus, they have a duty to make the pizzas of such a quality is that no harm is caused to the consumer by consuming the pizzas. But, this duty is violated when Hugh advertised that fresh ingredients are used for the formation of pizza but in reality stale and outdated ingredients are used for the production of pizza. Thus, the level of care that is expected from the manufactures of pizza, that is, Hugh, is violated which has resulted in many injuries to his customers and death of one of his customer. Thus, the level of Thus, the level of care that is expected from Hugh is not met and hence he is in violation of his duty which has caused losses to his customers. So, Hugh must be held liable under the law of negligence. The customers can take both civil and criminal actions against Hugh. Also, Hugh and Theo are working not as a registered business but the intention of both of them is to run the business in continuity with the aim to earn profit. Thus, there is a presence of partnership amid the two and an act of one will make the other liable. So the actions of Hugh will also make Theo accountable for the same and hence Theo can also be held under the law of negligence. Conclusion Thus, both Theo and Hugh are liable under the law of negligence as both of them are partners and thus the actions of one will make the other liable. Reference List Books/Articles/Journals P Latimer. 2012. Australian Business Law 2012. CCH Australia Limited. Case laws AGA Assistance Australia Pty Ltd v Tokody(2012). Blake v Galloway (2004). Carroll vFearon(1999) Chapman v Hearse(1961). Donoghue v Stevenson (1932). Grant vAustralianKnitting Mills (1936). Nash v Inman (1908). Lambert v Co-OperativeInsuranceSociety [1975]. Smith v Land HouseProperty Corp. (1884). Smith v Anderson (1880). Online material Julei Clark. 2013. Capacity to contract. Online. Available at: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-capacity.html#minors. [Viewed on 24th September 2016]. Hopgoodganim. 2016. Restrain clause. Online. Available at: https://www.hopgoodganim.com.au/page/Publications/Industrial_and_Employment_Law_Alert_Recent_court_case_provides_clues_to_successfully_enforcing_non-compete_restraint_obligations_-_31_Aug_2012/. [Viewed on 24th September 2016]. Sydney. 2016. Partnership. Online. Available at: https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:rKTyb6YyI70J:sydney.edu.au/lec/subjects/associations/notes/Summer%25202010-11/Topic%25203%2520-%2520Partnership.doc+cd=1hl=enct=clnkgl=in. [Viewed on 24th September 2016]. The Law Hand Book. 2016. Elements of a contract. Online. Available at: https://www.lawhandbook.org.au/07_01_02_elements_of_a_contract/. [Viewed on 24th September 2016]. The law teacher. 2016. Misrepresentation. Online. Available at: https://www.lawteacher.net/lecture-notes/contract-law/misrepresentation-lecture.php. [Viewed on 24th September 2016].