Should police officers be allowed to moonlight as private security providers Essay Example

Should police officers be allowed to moonlight as private security providers Essay There are very few professions nowadays that provide financially fulfilling compensation. Not everybody can be a surgeon, lawyer, professional athlete or celebrity: professions that are sure to provide luxurious living. Often times, working men and women have to work multiple jobs to provide for their families, send their kids to school, or simply just to get by in life. Almost every human being on the planet has a right to earn decent wages to get a decent living, even if this means juggling different lines of work. People who hold sensitive public office positions are among the few exceptions. They need to give their full attention to the job at hand.   Included in this exclusive list are the people in the law enforcement field. Police officers should not be allowed to take off duty jobs which conflict with their status as police officers.Being a cop means you have accepted a high profile position with little or no reward. The starting annual income for a police officer in New Yo rk is estimated to be about $ 25,100 (AP, 2007). Plumbers and Sanitation workers make more. Not to demean the other professions but police officers put their lives at risk every time they put on the uniform so they are grossly underpaid. It is sad that they do not earn more, but they still should not be allowed to take on private security positions to earn extra income. Taking on a similar profession without the safeguards that make law enforcement work in the first place, can lead to disastrous repercussions. Therefore, they should not be allowed to moonlight as private security providers.Conflict of interestMost cities throughout the United States have police officers take on private security work when off duty. This could spell conflict of interest on so many levels. A cop’s loyalty is supposed to be to the general public. They are tasked with implementing peace and order in their area of responsibility regardless of race, age, gender or social status. On the other hand, a private security officer’s loyalty is to the individual or corporation that hired him. The Director of the Juvenile Justice Center in Boston, Lisa Thurau-Gray, says that the private police prioritize the interest of their employer more than public safety and rights (Goldstein, 2007). If the interest of public and private employer crossover, it is not surprising for the police officer to be conflicted and confused. As an example, suppose an off duty police officer operates as personal security for a private individual, lets say that the individual is suspected of a crime while in the protection of the off duty officer. Once media learns that a cop is somehow involved, how then is the police officer supposed to position himself to preserve his integrity? When a cop witnesses a crime that requires immediate action like a hostage situation or a bank heist, is he supposed to let it pass because he’s on private security detail? The only definitive answer is that he should n ot have been in the position to choose in the first place.Possible human rights violationState and nationwide laws have provisions that protect citizens from law enforcement violations. Search of ones premises or belongings require a search warrant, arresting a suspect needs a warrant of arrest, questioning suspects must be in the presence of a lawyer. These are just some of the rights afforded to citizens. Nonconformance with any of these requisites is considered a violation under the law. The police department and the arresting officer can be sued for such erroneous misdeeds. This is not necessarily true for private security providers. While off duty as a cop, a private security enforcer does not necessarily need a lawyer to extract information from a suspect. Miranda rights do not need to be enforced. This means that an officer who has internal knowledge of the â€Å"rights and wrongs† of police procedure can work around them on his private time. A situation like this coul d lead to less civil interrogation techniques that could lead to brutality, which might not even fall under the category of police brutality because the officer is technically off-duty. This is not to insinuate that this is normal practice, this situation would surely not be of the common variety, only that the opportunity to take advantage of police protocols presents itself if a public law enforcer is allowed to spend his off-duty hours doing private police work.Paid on the clockSpecial police or private police are paid by the hour. As with other private companies, private security providers want the most of what they pay their employees and try to cut back on unnecessary expenses to save company money. While other companies generate savings by cutting back on supplies, energy consumption, and recycling, private security firms save by cutting back on court appearances and testifying before the judiciary. Police Captain Kenny Mangum and police officer Matt Saylors, while on patrol as private security for Capitol Special Police (CSP), found illegal drugs and handguns in a car of a convicted felon. Despite the potential danger of civilians using drugs and guns, the two off-duty officers did not make the arrest but did call in on-duty police officers to do it. CSP reasons that they are careful in billing clients with time spent testifying and therefore make arrests only when absolutely necessary (Goldstein, 2007). Such a choice has potentially deadly consequences had the driver and his companions decided to use the weapons at their disposal. Had Mangum and Saylors not been allowed to do private security work, they would have undoubtedly proceeded with an immediate arrest since diffusing dangerous situations as quickly as possible is part of the police officer’s job description. This is clearly one instance where the moonlighting sideline got in the way of what would have normally been a routine bust.Perception of a protection racketThe public police popul ation in the United States number to around 700,000 officers (Goldstein, 2007). They are outnumbered by private security police, 5 to 1 (Schneier, 2007). Despite their lack in numbers, it is their sworn duty to protect the citizens as they patrol their areas of their jurisdiction. Now, private subdivisions want the same security. Private suburbs in Maryland and Virginia, among others, have begun to entice police officers to enforce public laws in their areas, presumably for a fee (VIC, 2000). This gives a negative impression to tax payers that certain locations are more protected than others. Public trust is fragile, so even the slightest perception that law enforcement favors those who can pay for it must always be avoided.Separation between private and public policeThe private sector should have the right to protect their interests and hire additional security. It makes sense to try and hire police officers because they are better trained, experienced on the field and are best sui ted for the job. But cops, even off-duty, should not be allowed to moonlight as private security providers. The public needs, demands their full attention. Although they work in shifts with almost no overtime pay, they’re actually much like doctors. They’re always on-call 24-7. Carl Dunde, a police officer with 18 years of experience, said that police officers are never really off-duty (Dunde, 2007).   A cop can go shopping, jogging, or walking their dog, but once a thief comes running, they come running after them, whether it’s in uniform or in their pajamas. A police officer’s work is never done.If law enforcers want to earn more and serve the private sector, they should quit. They can make their services available to the private security institutions and perhaps make a lucrative career out of it. But for the meantime, being a cop is public service. This may sound cheesy but public service is public trust. In order for the people to trust the law, its enforcers must give it their full attention. Crime doesn’t take a day off, it’s another corny line but it’s true, officers of the law shouldn’t either. The only defense the public has is the people enforce the laws of the land. â€Å"To serve and protect†, that’s an officer’s motto. It never said anything about clocking out.

Free Essays on Utalitarianism

Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine which essentially states that which is good is that which brings about the most happiness to the most people. John Stuart Mill believed that the decisions we make should always benefit the most people as much as possible regardless of the consequences to the minority or even yourself. He would say all that matters in the decision of right versus wrong is the amount of happiness produced by the consequences. In the decisions we make Mill would say that we need to weigh the outcomes and make our decision based on that outcome that benefits the majority. For Mill, pleasure is the only desirable consequence of our decisions or actions. The Judeo-Christian ethic embraced by Augustine places questions of right and wrong under the authority of a divine creator - God. The Judeo-Christian ethic can be summed up in one word - Love. In Matthew 22:40 Jesus says: â€Å"Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: Love you neighbor as yourself.† When Augustine said, â€Å"Love God and do what you will†, I believe he is asserting the fact that when a person loves God truly he or she is in God’s will. John 14:15 says, â€Å"If you love me, you will obey what I command.† If a person obeys God which is loving God and loving his creation then a person is in his will. The decisions made by a person in God’s will are thus ethical decision in view of the fact that God is the ultimate moral authority. To help his creation in determining right from wrong he has provided the Bible. Although not every ethical question is covered in the Bible he has also given us his Spirit for guidance. Utilitarianism like the Judeo-Christian ethic is viewing others in a high regard. Utilitarian desire the greatest happiness as an end and the Judeo-Christian perspective seeks love and obedience to God. These two ethical... Free Essays on Utalitarianism Free Essays on Utalitarianism Utilitarianism is the ethical doctrine which essentially states that which is good is that which brings about the most happiness to the most people. John Stuart Mill believed that the decisions we make should always benefit the most people as much as possible regardless of the consequences to the minority or even yourself. He would say all that matters in the decision of right versus wrong is the amount of happiness produced by the consequences. In the decisions we make Mill would say that we need to weigh the outcomes and make our decision based on that outcome that benefits the majority. For Mill, pleasure is the only desirable consequence of our decisions or actions. The Judeo-Christian ethic embraced by Augustine places questions of right and wrong under the authority of a divine creator - God. The Judeo-Christian ethic can be summed up in one word - Love. In Matthew 22:40 Jesus says: â€Å"Love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your mind. This is the first and greatest commandment. And the second is like it: Love you neighbor as yourself.† When Augustine said, â€Å"Love God and do what you will†, I believe he is asserting the fact that when a person loves God truly he or she is in God’s will. John 14:15 says, â€Å"If you love me, you will obey what I command.† If a person obeys God which is loving God and loving his creation then a person is in his will. The decisions made by a person in God’s will are thus ethical decision in view of the fact that God is the ultimate moral authority. To help his creation in determining right from wrong he has provided the Bible. Although not every ethical question is covered in the Bible he has also given us his Spirit for guidance. Utilitarianism like the Judeo-Christian ethic is viewing others in a high regard. Utilitarian desire the greatest happiness as an end and the Judeo-Christian perspective seeks love and obedience to God. These two ethical...

Case Study - planning & strategy in small business Essay

Case Study - planning & strategy in small business - Essay Example 56). His management of finances proved to be good. As the owner of the firm, James has proved skillful in managing its finances and thus ensuring that success is attained. The overall overheads in the company have been minimal by the reduced cases of unnecessary taking of risks and by assigning all work in the firm on a sub-contract basis. The reduction of bad debts is another measure of his finance control. His checking of the profit margins involving all the contracts the company awards, the minimal cases of business bad debts and the leasing of land for business expansion has boosted his finance managerial skills. He is experienced and understands the market demand for the business. His vast knowledge on the relationship between employee productivity and their comfort prompted his venturing into this type of business. His business idea was spurred by his experience in the building and construction field and the knowledge on the existing market competition (Thomas 2006, p. 190). The ch ampioning of new ideas and development of existing ones has ensured growth. He is inexperienced at controlling and managing human resources. The result of his taking of human resource management position, which requires a competent person, has led to his arrogant nature in relation to employee-employer relationship. He cannot delegate duties as a result of his mistrust of employees. The effect is reduction in employee performance as a result of lack of team spirit and motivation which develops into low productivity. This is the case in Comfort Homes where James, despite his lack of experience in human resource management takes the position and controls everything without considering his employees in any decision making. He, however, gets things done but the employees do not feel as part of the company. This has led to poor communication system at the firm and lack of new ideas to steer the business towards growth. For instance, the failure to involve Kevin

Race and Your Community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Race and Your Community - Essay Example The period of the Great Depression also saw a huge influx of immigrants from different parts of Europe. Italian nationals were seeking refuge from political persecution and poverty and reached the shores of New England with high hopes. But the conditions prevailing at that time was hostile to its new citizens. The domination by the White Anglo Saxon Protestants (WASP) at that time was uncontested and overwhelming. Though the Italian American community was technically "white" as well, their status was equal to that of black Americans. The trend persisted the following years, culminating during the Second World War, where Italy was at war with America. The civil rights of many Italian Americans were stripped and many innocent citizens were suspected of espionage and subversion. But my grandfather lived to see a positive transformation of this situation after the Second World War. The post War period saw renewed respect for all ethnic minorities given the fact that a significant percent age of armed forces came from the underclass and minorities. (Alba, 1985) As for our own leaders - their take on the situation was a little ambivalent. While blatant societal injustice caused rightful indignation, a corner of their hearts still felt indebted to this "land of the free" for gracefully embracing and welcoming these new citizens from afar. Such feeling for their adopted land is understandable, as my grandfather recollected the stories of persecution and oppression in his native land. (Alba, 1985) Another influential person in our family was our grandmother. Looking back, she was the last link to our ancestral native land. Not only she could speak fluent Italian, but also render an Opera or two. She was also adept at making marinara and rolling gnocchi. I remember how when I was a toddler, she would sing lullabies in Italian to put me to sleep. Much of my knowledge of Christianity is credited to her passing

Sysytems and Operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Sysytems and Operations - Essay Example Sweden’s main focus is to have an increase in the information technology in order to have a stronger digital economy. Everyday life in Sweden is based completely on technology. Starting from waking up in the morning to sleeping at night every single activity by citizens involves technology. Transportation, medical, banking, educational sector all are concerned with having maximum technology so that best quality service can be provided to the citizens of the country. This is being done so that maximum number of people can be facilitated and the services provided would be equal for everyone. In this manner the quality of service being provided has also improved. This shows that the society has moved towards modernization along with innovation and good. The country has been changing and this can been shown in a manner that the three major sectors (individual, business and government) are benefitting from this shift to digital economy. The change can be seen in a example that at the grocery store in Sweden the shop keeper is selling medicine without prescription. All the customer need is their bank card and identity number in order to purchase the medicine. People in Sweden are working on everything through the touch screen from seeking advices of health experts to purchasing products everything is done through touch screens. The list of examples keep growing as Sweden is a digital economy and most of the things are now digital. The government is overwhelmed by the performance of this system as it has been providing services to people in medical sector that people are benefitting from it. This system is also helping them in banking, parking lots, paying bills, education facilities that there has been a boom in these sectors. Due to this the government is now having goals to export the medical system to different countries to gain from this system. By

The Philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli

The Philosophy of Niccolo Machiavelli Who was Machiavelli the prince? What were his beliefs? Machiavelli was an Italian student of history, who was an ambassador in Florence Italy. He was a long time official in the Florentine Republic, with obligations in government and military issues. Machiavelli composed, in his novel the prince, the solid focal points in political power, including religion and good conduct. Machiavelli, composition amid a time of sensational change known as the Italian Renaissance, showed demeanor towards numerous issues, basic politics, which upheld his conviction that solid government was the most critical component in the public eye. These demeanor and thoughts were extremely proper for the time in light of the fact that they focused on solid, unified force, the main sort of initiative that appeared to be working all through Europe, and which was the component Italy was needing. Machiavelli was a political realist. He thought there were sure abilities and qualities required to turn into a political ruler. In his work, The Prince, Machiavelli gives exhortation on the most proficient method to be a fruitful sovereign, or ruler. Effective is incompletely focused around how influential a ruler was amid his lifetime (rule), yet generally focused around how much the sovereign influenced the lives, through laws or societal standards, of future eras. Machiavelli’s main objective was achieving and keeping political force. He accepted the fact individuals were characteristically childish and would, by nature, not regard the law or work for the benefit of all, without urban ethics. The ideas he presented were the best way to control† human urges was to impart national pride and shared admiration for all nationals of a state. The distinction in Crafty thought, as yet ever, from different logicians was he accepted political power was no more defended by religious or profound tenets. In spite of the fact that Machiavelli accepted this to be genuine, he still knew it was essential for natives to keep up a pledge for the benefit of everyone, through national pride and admiration. An alternate part of varying concocted to this point in time was Machiavelli knew advancing municipal goodness in subjects required the quest for individual freedom. Machiavelli, in his compositions, discusses a few diverse of government. He found himself able to dismantle governments, building the distinction in the middle of new and old governments. The new governments are the hard ones to keep up, on the grounds that individuals are not defenseless to change, indeed they just about rebellion against it, unless the new ruler can address his pledge and keep his guarantees. Machiavelli knew individuals were chiefly worried about their property and prosperity of their gang. He also knew the administrations employment was to ensure both; notwithstanding helping the individuals thrive and take after their souls, maybe. Machiavelli accepted just certain individuals could get to be rulers, in light of the fact that it took an extraordinary kind of individuals. He said rulers are not bound by good demands or social standards. Rulers does not need to maintain all the qualities expected of their natives. While this is genuine, he states that a ruler must be genuine in the public eye, which depicts the majority of the people temperance showed in all the residents. In the event that the individuals accept the ruler is misrepresenting his convictions, they will turn. Then again, when the time comes to settle on a choice outside the domain of subject information, a ruler mu st be savage and readied to do â€Å"whatever it takes â€Å"to guarantee the states success. In the event that this implies the ruler needs to lie or murder, he will. This clarifies why just certain individuals can be rulers. One of Machiavellis most loved illustrations of viable rulers is Cesare Borgia. Borgia was chosen ruler, after his father was chosen as pope. Borgia knew how to obtain regard from his residents through trepidation and control. He likewise gave the individuals a decent government and brought peace and success. The inquiry dependably emerges, however, about what to do with the dissidents, or agitators of a gathering. Borgia dealt with this by enlisting a master. The implementer was accountable for taking care of criminals, normally by death. The authority was a brutal man and summoned fear in the subjects. Borgia did not need his kin to partner him with the master, so he executed him. At the same time he didnt simply kill him; he place him in the town square slice down the middle to show individuals he was not kidding. The natives were in amazement and considered Borgia their saint, for pulverizing the implementer, who they had developed to detest. Notwithstanding how great a ruler Bor gia was however, when the time came to introduce another pope and it wasnt his father, Borgia missed the mark and was no more the ruler. While Machiavelli appeared to put no stock in the part of the resident in deciding a ruler, he thought rulers could ensure their energy by bringing out the affection for their kin. Yet even this isnt sufficient constantly, in light of the inquiry constantly solicited by subjects from its administration, what have you accomplished for me of late. The ruler must secure the residents property, thriving, family, and prosperity. For individuals to lead cheerful, full lives, they must be permitted to do what they need, inside the rules of a state. In any case this is a cycle simpler to keep up, than to start. For individuals to do as they wish, there must be rules set up, yet for rules to be secured, individuals need to recognize what they need to do and what they are not able to do. Here is the reason governments were inherent the primary spot. The gathering of individuals picked somebody to make rules, in light of the fact that individuals needed more than they had. This is the genuine r eason for a ruler, to help make a general public. Rulers having and keeping force, by a â€Å"whatever it takes â€Å"mentality, overwhelmed Machiavelli. This appears to negate what he is saying in regards to the benefit of everyone and metro excellencies. On the off chance that the ruler is just inspired by force, what consideration would he have for the individuals? None, it appears to me. As indicated by Ian Johnston, The Prince was more than a weak endeavor for Machiavelli try and reach some sort of political standard after he had been kicked out and tormented. Johnston accepts The Prince was to a greater degree a parody against rulers and what they remained for. There are a few examples where Machiavelli repudiates himself, frequently inside the same passage. Particularly, Machiavelli accepted rulers should most importantly, ensure their own particular security at whatever expense. In The Prince, he goes to say a standout amongst the most effective methods for securing themselves is to decimate the urban communities as the be st way to hold them. On the off chance that you consider this for a moment, this bodes well. Why would Machiavelli advise rulers the best way to control something is to decimate it. Individuals would not acknowledge control on the off chance that it is taken in such a brutal, merciless way. A few different occurrences of Machiavelli appearing to play around with words a bit, is the point at which he is discussing great laws and great arms. At whatever point, the words great, well, awful, and so on are utilized, there is a reason. These words impart a feeling of ethical quality. Instead of attempting to observe what Machiavelli is truly attempting to say, individuals get stuck on the inclination summoned with these words. Machiavelli has a few likenesses and contrasts contrasted with Islamic and Jewish political thought. The most unmistakable contrast, I think, is the relationship in the middle of religion and theory. Machiavelli doesnt put much stock into the idea of religion. He doesnt accept the state ought to need to rely on upon religious thought to survive. Truly, Machiavelli accepted the Roman Catholic Church was in charge of Italy being part into five states. The congregation separates as opposed to unites. In the Islamic world, religion is the principle string going through and entwining everything. Alfarabi was keen on making a working relationship in the middle of religion and theory. He was one of the first Muslim savants and his work is mulled over as much as Aristotle or Plato, in future eras. Avicenna accepted all components in life were clarified in circumstances and end results terms. The idea of circumstances and end results goes through all the Islamic scholars. For Alfarabi, the ci rcumstances and end results was put to use with reason. For motivation to exist there must be two crucial exercises. The primary is to characterize essential presumptions and definitions that are the beginning stages and building squares of a contention, (reason) and second, check whether finishes of a contention take after intelligently from the contentions fundamental suspicions and definitions, (impact). Avicenna accepted individuals would tame their wishes for the benefit of everyone. This perspective is to some degree like Machiavellis perspective, yet the measures for the benefit of all are characterized diversely for both. People who practice Islam they believe everyone if characterized by the expression of God and translated by reason. They consolidate both to structure a working relationship. I accept the reason the Islamic masterminds partner God with reason, and in this way theory, lies in their lifestyle. The religious pioneers of their time laughed at the thought of rea soning. The religious pioneers accepted if reasoning had merit, what place did religion have? . Scholars in the Muslim world must be acknowledged by one means or another. So they started partner religion and reasoning. They pushed the way that both were overwhelmed by the journey of the great life. The distinction was religion utilized God as their answer and reasoning utilized reason. One common pattern between Machiavelli, the Islamic and Jewish scholars is the conviction that individuals need to lead cheerful, delighted lives, and for this to be fulfilled, an overseeing energy must be available. More than that, individuals need to be included in a political group. Maimonides was a Jewish rationalist. He was additionally a rabbi, making his perspective of logic harmonize with his perspective of religion. He was permitted to decipher the Torah for the normal individuals, on the grounds that it was the conviction that it took exceptional commitment to learn and comprehend the ideas. This thought is like Alfarabis conviction that individuals need to utilize religious ideas and images to comprehend the unpredictable, supreme truth of theory. The way Maimonides leaves the expression of God up to elucidation would appear to be a decent beginning stage for a general public. Instead of lecture the individuals about stuff they can not comprehend, the rabbis capacity is to help them comprehend what is good and bad, additionally to re-decipher the thoughts if circumstances emerge. Here is a spot where I can no discover no pertinence to our general public today. We dont always re-decipher the Scripture. Rather, we base our laws and ethics off an understand ing that is a huge number of years old While most philosophical masterminds take after the same relative rules, there are a couple of contrasts. The thought of religion overwhelming societal standards and inalienable conduct of individuals are both illustrations of contrasting suppositions. Todays general public may have been begun as an application of rationality, yet the expectations made by Machiavelli and different rationalists about the defilement of governments has worked out

The Future :: Argumentative Persuasive Science Papers

The Future It is by following clues that we make discoveries, not by reasoning inductively. Now some people would accept this view but nevertheless argue that in science we cannot avoid reasoning inductively. For , , they say, suppose we have discovered a law of nature—let us say the law that all metals expand when heated. Now in saying that this is a law of nature we are saying that it holds not only in the past but also in the future. If it is a law of nature that all metals expand when heated, then metals will expand when heated not just today but also tomorow. But how do we know they will expand tomorow? Tomorow has not yet come. If we know, we can only know by reasoning inductively (they say). The law has held in the past; therefore it will hold in the future. Reasoning from the past to the future is inductive reasoning. In this paper I want to respond to this argument. My point will be, there is no need to reason inductively even in science. To help make my point I will draw on three examples. Example 1: Station A Suppose you crack ciphers. You have been intercepting messages from a radio station which you have called Station A. The messages transmited by Station A are encrypted by a cipher which you have already broken, a cipher which for your own convenience you have called Cipher X. Because you have already broken Cipher X, for the past six months you have been able to read every single message sent out by Station A. This morning you have intercepted another message. You have not deciphered it yet ... How are you going to decipher your new message? Are you going to decipher it by using Cipher X, the cipher you have broken and which Station A has been using these past six months? I think you are likely to say, 'Of course! ' So you will decipher the new message using Cipher X, as I too if I were in your position. Let us now go over the situation again. You have broken Cipher X. You have been deciphering all messages from Station A using Cipher X. You are now about to decipher this newly intercepted message by using Cipher X. Now considering what you have done and what you are about to do, can we infer that you are reasoning inductively?

Research Paper Essay

Organisation’s Profile and Management Approach8 Report Content and Quality9 Range of the aspects of performance reported11 Performance Indicators11 Conclusion14 References16 Part 1 – An analysis of a published academic paper Introduction We have evaluated a published academic paper – â€Å"Corporate sustainability: historical development and reporting practices† (by Andreas Christofi, Petros Christofi and Seleshi Sisaye, 2012). The purpose of the paper was to compare the disclosure requirement between the two widely used sustainability reporting instruments  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Dow Jones Sustainability World Indexes (DJSI World) and Global Reporting Initiative G3 Guidelines (GRI-G3 Guidelines). These two instruments are similarities in the content but their disclosure requirement are different and the depths of the complexity of sustainability indicators are vary. The authors suggested that sustainability reporting framework needs undergo further standardization and enforcement of the disclosure indicators to avoid any negative impact on investors and consumers in case of corporate failure or mismanagement in the upcoming future. There is growing concerns associated with whether organisations have to report their sustainability performance from the early 1990s. Fortunately, there are many corporations are voluntary elect to employ and report their sustainability performance. Nevertheless, there is no indication of any development of formal international recognised legislation to enforce corporations to report its sustainability performance. The authors believed that part of the recent corporate failures were caused by corporate mismanagement mostly a human error and failure moral-hazard system risk control. Hence, the motivation of this academic paper was to recommend that an adequate risk control was necessary to be put in place, and a meaningful and accurate corporate sustainability disclosure to be required. The paper suggests that Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) should actively work on a standardised sustainability reporting. Theoretical Concepts There are theoretical and practical rationales in this research. The theoretical concepts examined in the paper are stakeholder theory and public interest theory. There are many organisations that voluntary report their sustainability performance to the public. There are different reasons for them to adopt this reporting strategy. This may due to an entity is more likely to focus on meeting the expectations with a particular group of stakeholders such as investors, employees, customers, regulators and other specific groups. Usually an organisation has the responsibility to account for the right of their stakeholders such as ‘right to information’. If an organisation fail to meet the expectation of the public and stakeholders, this may result lose their support from the community and the opportunity to run their business locally. Therefore â€Å"alignment of company reporting with the expectations of key stakeholders serves to improve the quality of a company’s relationships with such stakeholders and thus protect and enhance the value of the organisation† (G100, 2003). Therefore it is critical for an organisation to address the needs and expectation from their identified stakeholders. On the other hand, the authors analysed the disclosure indicators between GRI and DJSI. In 2009/2010 there were 317 global organisations listed on the DJSI. In 2009 there were 1299 registered reports with GRI. Among these 1299 reports, the authors discovered that the level of compliance with the GRI guidelines were inconsistent. In general, there are three levels in GRI Guidelines to determine what the degree of compliance that a reporting organisation has account for their disclosure on materiality. Level A is intended for advance reporting organisations. Suppose these ‘Level A’ reporting organisations are expected to report a thorough materiality process in response and communication with their stakeholders. Lower compliance level is Level C that includes those reporting organisations are at lower compliance level. However, the authors found that there were only 31% of the reporting organisations were with great process towards sustainability implementation. In addition, there were 25% of the reporting organisations were most likely not to adhere to the disclosure guidelines. The reason for this are either (1) reporting sustainability are voluntary so they don’t need to adhere all the requirements, (2) some aspects may not be relevant to a particular organisation or the organisation choose not to report part of the requirement, (3) they have combined/used other sustainability instrument to report their sustainability performance. The authors reveal the above were some of the limitation to the current G3 Guidelines. As GRI Guidelines are non-regulatory and non-binding disclosure requirements, as well as missing ‘enforcement’ that require those reporting organisations have to comply with. The authors believed that legislation is necessary to be put in place by an authority and/or professional bodies. They said legislation is needed in order to maintain a stable capital market, and refinement and early detection of any corporate mismanagement. As a general rule, the introduction of regulation is to rotect investors as well as the public. It is believed that regulations are initially to benefit the society as a whole and it is an instrument to create confidence to the society in relation to the capital market. However, there are arguments about the cost-and-benefit to the increasing of regulations. These regulations may create huge cost to companies but with less corresponding benefit and it may crea te a false sense of security to the society. This may be one of reason why there is uncertainty for other organisations to employ the sustainability development. Comparison We have found that the authors have compared the GRI reporting guidelines with the DJSI World disclosure indicators and the report revealed some difference between the GRI-G3 Guidelines and DJSI World: (1) Data Availability and Accessibility: The DJSI covers the top 10 percentage of the biggest 2500 companies in the Dow Jones Global Total Stock Market Index (DJGTSM) that pursue economic, social, and environmental reporting (DJSIs, 2009). Each year, the index components will be announced by the SAM Indexes GmbH, a Switzerland-based investment group. It serves as a reference point to the global rating agencies and investors. On the other hand, the GRI Guideline is designed and developed through a process of multi-stakeholder consultation including individual, professionals and non-governmental organisations (NGO). According to G100, 2003, â€Å"Internationally, the most prominent, comprehensive and generally accepted guidance is that published by the GRI. † The GRI-G3 Guidelines provide reporting framework to an organisation of any size, sector or location to prepare their sustainability report. 2) Objectives: The DJSI defines corporate sustainability as â€Å"a business approach that create long-term shareholder value by embracing opportunities and managing risks deriving from economic, environmental and social developments. † (DJSIs, 2009) and that can be quantified and screened for investing purposes. On the other hand, the GRI guidelines are based on the notion that transparency and accountability about economic , environmental, and social impacts are of interest to a diverse group of stakeholders (GRI, 2008). 3) Application disclosure information: The authors utilize sample firms from both standards to draw inferences on sustainability indicators of performance. They discovered that the content of both standards are similar but the disclosure format method and the depth of indicators are differences. For example, they have compared the ‘social responsibility’ between both standards. The authors find that GRI Guidelines have better disclosure indicators especially in the systemic risk of moral hazard such as anti-corruption and anti-trust practices. As a result of the above findings, the authors believe that DJSI’s information is focus on an investment perspective. Alternatively, GRI Guidelines are more focus on a wider group of stakeholders. Although both standards are served for the same purpose that is to enhance sustainability measuring and reporting. However, these two standards are with different scope of data availability, accessibility, objectives and indicator measurement. The authors suggested it is necessary to further standardization sustainability disclosure and enforced by a professional body such as Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB). Implications & Conclusion The implications of the above findings indicated that it is significant to form a standard sustainability guideline that appropriate to any size of corporations to employ their sustainability development. The quality, content, as well as the disclosure indicators are the critical factors; this is to determine the level of risk and materiality related to the financial and non-financial information. In particular, to certain an entity’s sustainability development can create an opportunity for an entity to sustain itself through risk management in the long run. The research paper written by Christofi A. , Christofi P. , and Sisaye S. as discussed about historical development and reporting practices of corporate sustainability. To be exact it gave an overview of how and why sustainability reporting has been developed and moreover it discussed reporting instruments such as GRI and DJSI. We understand the reason why organisation will voluntary to report their sustainability performa nce as well as how important of the disclosure indicators are. According to GRI, 2008 – â€Å"A sustainability report should provide a balanced, objective and reasonable representation of the sustainability performance of a reporting company – including both positive and negative contributions†. We will take into account of all these factors when we  evaluate the sustainability report of our chosen organisation – Samsung Electronics. Part 2 – A Critical Evaluation of an Organisations’ Sustainability Report Introduction Samsung Electronics Co. , Ltd. is found in 1969 in Suwon of Korea. They are the first Korean company included in the Global 100 Most Sustainable Corporations in the World in February 2011. In 2010, they was ranked 19th in the Interbrand’s Best Global Brands. Their main business is manufacturing and sells a wide range of electronic goods, communication devices, and semiconductors. They have one global headquarter in Korea and nine regional headquarters worldwide, which consists of 199 subsidiaries, and they have employed 178,732 full time staff and 11,732 contractors at the end of 2010. As they are one of the largest manufacturing corporate in the world, so we are interested to evaluate their sustainability performance. Vision & Strategy Since 2009, they set their long term corporate vision for 2020 as ‘Inspire the World, Create the Future’. The objectives of their core strategy are harmonising among diverse stakeholders by (1) protecting the environment, (2) improving the social conditions in their service regions, and, at the same time, (3) generating economic performance (as per the CEO report in 2011 sustainability report). They believed that integration of sustainability development is essential for sustainability growth. To achieve their sustainability development, they have categorised their strategies into six areas: talent management, integrity management, green management, social contribution, partner collaboration, and product and services. In recent years,  Samsung has built their organisation structure into eight divisions, including visual display, IT solution, Digital Appliance, Mobile Appliance, Mobile Communications, Network, Digital Imaging, Semiconductor, LCD divisions. The goal of organisation structure is help managers to implement and control the system facility and efficiency. Furthermore, the new structure enhances global competitiveness and more effectiveness organisation management. Samsung has established successfully the corporate governance to implement and monitor the sustainability strategy across the company. As seen in the annual sustainability report, the company has suggested three significant strategic approaches; visions for industry, vision for society and vision for employees. To ensure the accuracy of implementing and monitoring these approaches, Samsung has established creative management, partnership management and talent management. The responsibilities and roles of each department are increasing the external capabilities, partner collaborations, satisfying the expectation of its stakeholders. Organisation’s Profile and Management Approach Furthermore, Samsung has set up the management systems to ensure the company continuously obtaining future probability and sustainability, which is based on main direction of creation, innovation and change in consistent with the global economy. Their scope and tasks to achieve their sustainability development, that reflecting significant influences to employees, societies, partnerships, and customers as a whole, are classified in the following areas: * Talent management: employee value, work-life balance. * Integrity management: corporate ethics, fair trade compliance and intellectual property protection. Green management: emphasis on climate change, develop eco-products, encourage Eco-Friendly workplace, green communication. * Social contribution: pursuing a happier society, partnership programs. * Partner collaboration: global competitiveness. * Products and services: customer enjoyment service and customer trust. In January 2009, Samsung built the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Liaison Office that is responsible for reporting directly to the CEO and the Sustainability Management Committee. Report Content and Quality There are four principles for defining report content: materiality, stakeholder inclusiveness, sustainability context and completeness. (1) Materiality: We found that the level of information provided form Samsung sustainability report is not detailed enough. For example, information about global network gives us an understanding on how many departments of production, research and development and sales in each region and the report also provided information about how many people are working in each region; but it is missing further information on how many people work in individual division. This is key information for us to compare with the accident rate. It seems they are not complied with this principle. (2) Stakeholder Inclusiveness: In both of their reports, they have identified their stakeholders into eight groups – customer, business partners, shareholders/investors, non-governmental organisations, employees, local communities, government and press. In order to meet with the needs from their stakeholders, they will identify all relative issues and will follow up with communication activities. In addition, they have expanded social network services to strengthen communication with both internal and external stakeholders. In essence, Samsung has satisfies this principle. (3) Sustainability Context: Samsung has categorises its sustainability issues into 6 areas – talent management, integrity management, green management, social contribution, partner collaboration, and product and services. At the end of the report, it contained performance highlights, short-term plan for the next year and performance indicators. Basically, Samsung has satisfies this principle too. (4) Completeness: Overall, Samsung has provided general information in their reports. By looking at the table of the content of the report, the reader can find that all important topics. Yes, Samsung has satisfies this principle. There are six principles for defining report quality:   balance, comparability, accuracy, timeliness, clarity and reliability. (1) Balance: The balance of the information provided by Samsung is enough but they are relatively emphasised on those positive aspects. In the negative aspects, for example, in the area of product and service, they have employed outside agency to conduct a global customer satisfaction survey and used it for setting improvement targets, but it is missing further information about the effect of the survey. Another example is they have disclosed that they have 57 million customer inquiries and grievances (Korea: 34 million, overseas: 23 million) on their product and after sales services, again, there is no further information. It seems they are trying to meet the disclosure requirement. In general, they have relatively emphasised on the possible aspects, like awards, partnership program in social contribution, economic performance and so on. It is obviously, Samsung has failed to meet with this principle. 2) Comparability: We found that the two reports were inconsistent, the format and level of information provided are different. In 2011 report was with more information with performance highlights, indicators as well as a short-term plan for next year. In 2010 report is with more information in the individual areas, for example, they have included their company code of conduct in their integrity management. Besides, we found that it is quite difficult to compare their report with other company especially in the same industry. Because the format and information are vary from one company to others. We believe that this is caused by lack of a standard sustainability reporting framework. Therefore, their report does not comply with this principle. (3) Accuracy: In general, Samsung as a big corporation have responsibility to provide accurate information. We believe the information they have provide are accurate and reliable, and stakeholders assess their company’s performance. Yes, Samsung satisfies this principle. (4) Timeliness: Organisation should make report available on time for the stakeholders to make informed decisions. In general, Samsung has provided their reports on a regular schedule and information is available in time. Their reports are generally available around early of June. Yes, Samsung satisfies this principle. (5) Clarity: In general, everybody can assess Samsung sustainability information from their company website and can obtain a PDF format of the sustainability report. Besides, their website provides information and contact details of their CSR office and stakeholders can contact them for any queries on their report. Yes, Samsung satisfies this principle. 6) Reliability: Basically, the level of information in Samsung’s report is quite general. However, it still can subject to examination and that establishes the quality and materiality of the information. Range of the aspects of performance reported The range (breadth) of the aspects of performance reported for these two years are adequate. In these two reports, they have categorized their sustainability development into six s egments which are talent management, integrity management, green management, social contribution, partner collaboration, and product and services. In the 2011 sustainability report, they have presented the highlights of progress, a three year performance indicator, and a short-term plan for each of the segments. The level of information provided in each segments is sufficient. However, due to there are lack of standard requirement of what level of information should be presented, we found that the information between the two years are difference and inconsistent. In addition, there are no comparisons with other companies or with industry average. Sometimes, it may be difficult to know how a particular company compares with another one. As a reader, we would like to have more meaningful information and progress in regarding to their economic, environmental and social performance. Performance Indicators In 2010 sustainability report, Samsung has set number of the action plans for year of 210 and they are:- * Sharpen competitive edge in core businesses * Promote open innovation * Develop new businesses and new markets * Expand partner collaboration and establish green leadership * Establish market-driven system * Foster a creative organisational culture We will use the above as short-term goals and will evaluate their sustainability performance. As Samsung is one of the largest manufacturing corporate. We are interested to understand their disclosure indicator in the social performance of (1) labour practices and decent work and (2) society. (1) Labour practices and decent work: Overall, Samsung has demonstrated the results of performance against goals in this area. Information has been covered in the area of talent management. They have set the objective to attract and retain top talent with promoting worker diversity and fostering a creative organisational culture through strengthening employee competencies. The level of information is met with requirement in the performance indicator related to employment and occupational health and safety. Employment status by region| Region| 2008| 2009| 2010| Korea| 84464| 85089| 95662| Other| 77236| 72612| 94802| Total| 161700| 157701| 190464| In 2010, their sales and profits has been boost even though there are weak euro stemming from debt crisis in Europe and they have expanded more business subsidiaries in overseas. Their workforce has been increased significantly. Some of their contractors have been transferred as permanent staff especially in the peak season. However, this situation may arise with some restraint in the labour budgets, overall staff management when the global continuous economic downsizing more severely in the upcoming years (2) Society: As per requirement from G3. 1, society performance indicators focus on any impacts that will arise from the local communities in where they operate, and disclose any risks that may arise from interactions with other social institutions of which are managed and mediated. Risks including bribery, corruption, undue influence in public policy-making, and monopoly practices. In the 2011 sustainability report, it has demonstrated the result of performance against the above plan. They have opened 3 more subsidiaries in 2010 from a total of 196 to 199. The movement of their subsidiaries are as follows:- Global Network| Production| Sales| R&D| Other| Total| Year 2010| 40| 50| 18| 91| 199| Year 2009| 39| 53| 24| 80| 196| Movement| 1| -3| -6| 11| 3| Once their new business subsidiaries are in operation, they will implement their sustainability strategy in the area of social contribution and integrity management. In the social contribution, Samsung has incorporated their corporate social responsibility philosophy: â€Å"leverage Samsung legacy of technology innovation to change our communities and human life and offer new opportunities to more people by preserving the environment for future generations†. In return, Samsung has developed various contribution programs through, partnership, donations and volunteering, which are tailored to each local community and aim at deliver real change to these local communities. Result in 2010 is positive. The number of people participating in volunteering is increased significantly. However, the dollar value on social contribution which is only KRW239 billion. When we compared it with the sales KRW154 trillion and net income KRW16. 1 trillion, the percentage to sales is less than 0. 15% and to net income is 1. 5%. It seems their dollars value contribution to the society is so little. Samsung has identified organisational risks of unlawful activities and violation of the laws in each region, in order to minimise these risks. Samsung has established its own code of conduct outlining ethical standards that require all employees has to comply with. Besides, they have introduced different compliance programs such as compliance education, integrated training through self-inspection to raise awareness of compliance among employees to follow. Any unlawful activities such as bribery, corruption and influence in public policy-making and monopoly are strictly prohibited. Although they have integrated different compliance programs, however wrongdoing activities are still happened. In 2010, 28% of the people who were disciplined were dismissed by Samsung. Besides, Samsung has been fined with KRW16 billion with violation of collusion on system air conditioners in Korea and $145. 73 million Euros with violation of DRAM price collusion in overseas. It seems their controlling system is inefficiency and we believe they need a tightening monitoring system in order to minimise their business risks. Conclusion Based on our evaluation on our chosen organisations’ sustainability report, we are of the opinion that their sustainability reports have covered enough information and this information can be easily accessed. However, the level of detail in their information provided in their report is very general. Their compliance program, for example, is an essential for any company, and does not provide the necessary information for us to properly analyse their integrity. The report roughly covers the data. As a reader, we would like to know more details of how problems occur, instead of what, and how they are going to rectify or prevent it. Besides, when we referring to their report, the currency they are using is South Korean Won which is quite difficult for us to understand the monetary effect. We would suggest an appropriate international currency should be used. The clarity of change between the two years reports are inconsistent. The 2010 report was with more information such as code of conduct, value system which is a useful insight, and the 2011 report was with more information such as short-term plans, performance highlights and more performance indicators. We are trying to compare Samsung’s performance with other company that is in the same industry. However this is quite difficult as the format and level of information are different from Samsung to the other company. This may be a restraint of a voluntary report. These different indicated the current limitation of sustainability development, that is lack of standard sustainability reporting. Currently sustainability reporting is a non-regulatory and non-binding requirement. After we evaluated Samsung’s sustainability report, it seems their â€Å"voluntary sustainability report may more about public relations than about increasing the transparency and accountability of corporations with respect to their sustainability performance† (Cho, 2012). We believe that â€Å"the development of CSR standards could become a major influence on global trade and investment. Questions of effectiveness, transparency, accountability and democratic participation are important for any new manifestation of regulation or governance† (Bendell, 2011). As per the insight from KPMG 2011 â€Å"while the GRI Guidelines will continue to be the de facto standard, we believe that global CR reporting would benefit from further global standards that enable the benchmarking of the quality of the information and quantitative performance in CR activities†. We believe that an organisation should initiative to ensure they have made every effort to listen and meet the needs from both their internal and external stakeholders, through incorporated the sustainability development this should be the best channel for an organisation to improve the communication with both their internal and external stakeholders. Finally through sustainability on economic, environmental and social, this will benefit to the organisation, people as well as the planet too. Word count: 4022 References 1. Bendell, J. , Miller, A. , Wortmann, K. (2011), â€Å"Public policies for caling corporate responsibility standards: Expanding collaborative governance for sustainable development†, Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, Vol 2 Iss: 2, pp. 263-293 2. Cho, C. , Michelon, G. , Patten, D. , (2012), â€Å"Enhancement and Obfuscation through the Use of Graphs in Sustainability Reports: An International Comparison†, Sustainability Accountin g, Management and Policy Journal, Vol 3 Iss: 1 3. Dow Jones Sustainability Index, available at: http://www. sustainabilityindex. com/Ethibel Sustainable Index, available at: http://www. thibel. org/subs_e/4_index/main. html 4. Dyllick, T. , Hockerts, K (2002), â€Å"Beyond the Business Case for Corporate Sustainability†, Business Strategy and the Environment, 11,2; ABI/INFORM Global pg. 130 5. Giannarakis, G. , and Litinas, N. , Sariannidis, N. , (2011), â€Å"Evaluation of Corporate Social Responsbility Performance Standards†, African Journal of Business Management, Vol 5(17), pp. 7367-7374 6. Global Reporting Initiatives, available at: http://www. globalreporting. org/Home 7. Hammond, A. , Adriaanse, A. , Rodenburg, E. , Bryant, D. , Woodward, R. 1995), â€Å"A Systematic Approach to Measuring and Reporting on Environmental Policy Performance in the Context of Sustainably Development†, World Resources Istitute 8. KPMG (2008), â€Å"Count me in – The re aders take on sustainability reporting† (4/15/2008) 9. KPMG (2011), â€Å"KPMG International Survey of Corporate Responsibility Report 2011† (11/7/2011) 10. Stiglitz, J. , Sen, A. , Fitoussi, Jean-Paul, (2009), â€Å"Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress† 11. World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), Our Common Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford

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